What are the physiological effects of hypoventilation?

Hypoventilation occurs when there is insufficient ventilation to meet the metabolic demands of the body, leading to an imbalance in gas exchange. The primary physiological effect of hypoventilation is an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the bloodstream, known as hypercapnia. This occurs because less carbon dioxide is being exhaled, causing it to accumulate in the body.

As carbon dioxide levels rise, oxygen levels tend to decrease as a result of the disrupted balance between these gases. The body is unable to adequately remove carbon dioxide while also delivering sufficient oxygen, leading to potential tissue hypoxia. This scenario can result in symptoms such as confusion, lethargy, and in severe cases, can progress to respiratory acidosis, which can be life-threatening.

Thus, the correct understanding of the physiological effects of hypoventilation is the increase in carbon dioxide levels alongside a decrease in oxygen levels, accurately describing the imbalance caused by inadequate ventilation.